مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت 9

زبان ویدیو: در این ویدیو قسمت نهم از سری اول مجموعه آموزشی Study English برای آمادگی آزمون آیلتس برای شما آماده شده است.

متن کامل این ویدیو را می توانید در زیر مشاهده کنید.

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Hello. I’m Margot Politis. Welcome to Study
English, IELTS preparation.

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Today we’re going to talk about acronyms,
abbreviations and names, and then we’ll do

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a bit of vocabulary building as well.

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The boy in today’s clip is about to have a
test to see whether he has Attention Deficit

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Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD.

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While you’re watching, listen for some other
abbreviations.

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How do you know if your child does have ADHD?
An EEG brain scan helps answer that, say the

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Swinburne researchers.

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Jacques Duff is a psychologist and one of
Richard’s PhD students. A computer programme

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will compare Xavier’s brain scan with a database
of scans of ADHD sufferers. If he does have

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the condition, the ADHD diagnosis will be
automatically triggered.

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Xavier was having a test to see if he has
ADHD.

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ADHD is an abbreviation.

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An abbreviation is the short form of a phrase
or a word.

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We often abbreviate phrases using the first
letter of each word.

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Notice that you use capitals letters for these
types of abbreviations.

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ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder. ADHD is much quicker and easier

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to say, and to write.

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You might recognise some of these common abbreviations:

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UFO stands for Unidentified Flying Object

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ASAP means As Soon As Possible

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Other common abbreviations are:

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PC, Personal Computer

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TV for Television

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and CD-ROM – that’s a Compact Disc with a
Read Only Memory!

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Notice that each letter in the abbreviation
is pronounced separately, but the last letter

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is pronounced more strongly because it carries
the primary stress.

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So we say USA, ASAP, ABC, and TV.

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Listen for another abbreviation here.

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Jacques Duff is a psychologist and one of
Richard’s PhD students.

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Jacques Duff is one of Richard’s PhD students.

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PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy.

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Another abbreviation you’ll recognise is IELTS.

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IELTS stands for International English Language
Testing System.

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This form of abbreviation is called an acronym.
With an acronym, we don’t pronounce the individual

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letters, we pronounce it as a word.

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So we say IELTS, not I – E – L – T – S.

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Some other examples of acronyms are:

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AIDS, that’s Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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and RAM, Random Access Memory

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Another example is ASEAN – that stands for
the Association of South East Asian Nations.

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There’s one more common shortening in today’s
story. Listen for whether it’s an abbreviation

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or an acronym.

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An EEG brain scan helps answer that, say the
Swinburne researchers.

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He says an EEG. That’s an abbreviation. We
don’t pronounce it eeg, we say E-E-G.

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EEG stands for Electro-Encephalograph.

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That’s a type of brain scan, but you can see
why we shorten it to EEG.

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Notice that in formal academic writing, it’s
necessary to write out an abbreviation in

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full the first time you use it.

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So if you wanted to write about an EEG, you’d
write it out in full the first time, and place

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the abbreviation in brackets, like this.

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An Electro – Encephalograph [EEG] can help
treat patients.

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After that in your paper, you can just use
the abbreviation on its own.

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OK. So let’s listen to the clip again, but
this time, listen for words to do with universities.

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How do you know if your child does have ADHD?
An EEG brain scan helps answer that, say the

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Swinburne researchers.

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Jacques Duff is a psychologist and one of
Richard’s PhD students. A computer programme

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will compare Xavier’s brain scan with a database
of scans of ADHD sufferers.

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He refers to the Swinburne researchers.

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Swinburne is the name of a university in Victoria.

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There were also some other university-related
words.

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Jacques Duff is a psychologist and a PhD student.

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A great way to learn new words is in themes
like this, and by organising them into word

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trees.

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Let’s look at university words.

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Students might study for a Diploma, a Bachelor
degree, an Honours degree, a Masters degree

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or a PhD.

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Jacques Duff is a PhD student, so that’s where
he fits into this tree.

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There are number of different people and places
mentioned in today’s story. We don’t see them

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all, but we hear their names.

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Listen for the names in this clip.

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An EEG brain scan helps answer that, say the
Swinburne researchers. Jacques Duff is a psychologist

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and one of Richard’s PhD students. A computer
programme will compare Xavier’s brain scan

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with a database of scans of ADHD sufferers.

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The people he mentions are Jacques Duff, Richard
and Xavier.

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If someone has an uncommon name, people will
often ask how their name is spelt.

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For example, Xavier is an uncommon name in
Australia. So if I met Xavier, I might ask

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him, “How do you spell your name?”

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So it’s a good idea to get used to spelling
out your name.

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Xavier is spelt like this: X-A-V-I-E-R, Xavier.

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Jacques is also an uncommon name in English,
because it’s a French name.

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In this case, we have both a first and a last
name.

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His first name is Jacques, and his last name
is Duff.

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A first name is sometimes called a Christian
name. It’s also called a given name. It’s

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the name your family chooses for you.

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The last name is also called a surname, or
family name. That’s usually the name of one

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parent that’s passed on to their children.

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Jacques’s first name is spelt J-A-C-Q-U-E-S,
and his surname is Duff.

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Notice that if you asked someone in Australia
to spell out the name Duff, they would say:

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D-U-double F.

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But in North America, people would spell it
like this D-U-F-F. They don’t use the word

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double. They say the letter twice instead.

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So if we asked Jacques Duff to spell out his
surname, he would say: D-U-double F. Or, he

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might say D-U-F-F.

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You’ll need to be familiar with both ways
of spelling out double letters. You should

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also make sure you know exactly how to spell
out your own name in English.

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That’s all for today.

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I’m Margot Politis – that’s M-A-R-G-O-T P-O-L-I-T-I-S.

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See you next time.