مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت ۲۴: خواب نیمروز عالی
زبان ویدیو: در این ویدیو قسمت بیست و چهارم سری اول مجموعه آموزشی Study English برای آمادگی آزمون آیلتس برای شما آماده شده است. در این قسمت شما با آهنگ پشت تن صدا آشنا خواهید شد. به علاوه ما استفاده از کاما را مرور می کنیم.
متن ترانسکریپت ویدیوی مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت ۲۴
Hello, and welcome again to Study English,
IELTS Preparation. I’m Margot Politis.
Today we’re going to look at intonation- how
we use a rising or falling tone of voice to
convey meaning – and we’ll also have a quick
look at how to use commas.
But first, let’s watch a clip about sleep.
We’ll see a researcher doing some tests on
a subject, to see just what the benefits are
of an afternoon nap.
Researchers at Flinders University say a short
sleep in the mid afternoon could actually
increase a worker’s productivity.
Each subject performed a series of tests before
and after their mid afternoon sleep.
Some subjective tests of alertness, fatigue,
vigour, and also some cognitive performance
tasks, some which are pencil and paper and
some that are done on the computer, and also
an objective measure of alertness, which is
how long it takes someone to fall asleep.
So if it takes them a long time to fall asleep,
that would suggest that they’re quite alert,
and a short time to fall asleep would mean
that they’re quite sleepy.
Do you think you were asleep?
Yes, hard to tell but I think so. I think
I did for a bit.
For how long?
It felt like probably a couple of minutes,
I reckon.
I want you to do exactly the same thing now.
I want you to start here and want you to go
as quickly and as accurately as you can until
I tell you to stop.
So in that clip we heard a researcher talking
to the subject of her tests.
You’ll notice her intonation changed a lot.
Intonation refers to the changes in pitch
in our voice as we speak – whether our voices
go up, or down.
Intonation is very important to learn. It
has many functions in a language.
It conveys emotion. We can tell immediately
listening to someone how they feel.
Someone can sound happy, or sound sad.
Hello, how are you?
Hello, how are you?
Intonation also conveys meaning. It let’s
the listener know whether something is a question
or a statement, or it can indicate different
levels of certainty or uncertainty.
Hello, are you well?
Hello, are you well?
Learning intonation is especially helpful
for learning to ask questions, and indicating
what sort of answer we expect.
Watch part of the clip again, and listen closely
to the intonation as the doctor talks to her
subject.
Do you think you were asleep?
Yes, hard to tell but I think so. I think
I did for a bit.
For how long?
It felt like a couple of minutes, I reckon.
The doctor says to the subject, “Do you think
you were asleep?”
Does this have a rising or falling tone?
Listen again.
Do you think you were asleep?
Do you think you were asleep?
Her voice goes up at the end of the sentence.
We call this a rising tone.
The rising tone is used for yes/no questions
– questions that need a yes or no answer.
Listen now to the second question. Does it
have a rising or falling tone?
For how long?
It felt like a couple of minutes, I reckon.
The doctor says, “For how long?”
This is a question too, but it has a falling
tone.
A falling tone is used with information questions.
They’re questions that need information as
an answer, not just a yes or no answer.
The man answers with a statement: A couple
of minutes, I reckon. This takes a falling
tone.
In English, statements usually end in a falling
tone.
The falling tone at the end tells the listener
that the statement is finished.
Listen to the intonation used to give instructions.
I want you to start here and I want you to
go as quickly and as accurately as you can
until I tell you to stop.
Did you hear the falling tone at the end?
She said, “until I tell you to stop”.
This tells the listener that this is the end
of the instruction.
So, let’s look at when to use rising and falling
tones again.
A rising tone is used at the end of yes/no
questions, and a falling tone at the end of
information questions.
Falling intonation is also used with statements.
These are very general rules, but they can
help you to work out what you, as a listener,
are expected to say, and can help you, as
a speaker, to convey your meaning.
Now, let’s look at one last example of intonation.
Listen to what happens when we have a list
in a sentence. Here’s a very complicated list.
Some subjective tests of alertness, fatigue,
vigour, and also some cognitive performance
tasks, some which are pencil and paper and
some that are done on the computer, and also
an objective measure of alertness, which is
how long it takes someone to fall asleep.
So she uses a variety of intonation. She uses
rising and falling tones, and a tone that’s
neither rising nor falling – just a flat tone,
for the items in the list.
This tells the listener that she hasn’t finished
her list of tests.
And then, for the very last item in the list,
how long it takes someone to fall asleep,
she uses falling intonation. This is how we
know the list is finished.
We use generally use falling intonation for
the last item in a list.
So you can see there are some rules for intonation,
but of course it varies according to the situation,
and our attitudes to the topic.
OK, so when we’re talking, we use intonation,
pauses and body language to convey meaning.
But what about when we’re writing?
Well, we need to use punctuation.
Let’s look at one of the most common but difficult
punctuation items – the comma.
Commas are used to help readers understand
the exact meaning of a sentence. They’re like
pauses in speech.
A comma in the wrong place can give the wrong
meaning to a sentence.
For example, look at these two sentences:
Stop, Jane!
Stop Jane.
In the first sentence, the comma shows where
there is a pause in speech, “Stop, Jane”,
and this tells us that the speaker wants Jane
to stop.
In the second sentence, there is no pause
and no comma – “Stop Jane.”
With no pause, we know that the speaker is
telling someone else to stop Jane.
Let’s look at some rules about using the comma.
First, commas are used to separate items in
a list.
Look at the way commas are used here
Some subjective tests of alertness, fatigue,
vigour,
and also some cognitive performance tasks.
OK, so notice that when we write down her
speech, we put commas where she uses pauses
and we use intonation to separate the items
in a list.
We write alertness, fatigue, vigour. We read
this as alertness fatigue vigour.
Adding a comma between items in a list tells
us clearly how many different items there
are.
A second use of commas is to separate clauses
in a sentence.
We use a comma to separate dependent and independent
clauses, but only when the dependent clause
is first in the sentence.
This sounds complicated, but it’s not really.
Here’s an example of a dependent clause:
because he was very tired
followed by an independent clause:
he went to bed.
Notice that we use a comma.
Because he was very tired, he went to bed.
But let’s swap the clauses around:
He went to bed because he was very tired.
In sentences like this, with the independent
clauses first, we don’t need a comma.
Listen to the different way they’re read out,
and you can hear why:
Because he was very tired, he went to bed.
Notice the pause.
He went to bed because he was very tired.
There’s no pause.
So sometimes when you’re writing, it helps
to think that if there’s a pause, you might
need a comma.
And that’s where we’re going to pause today.
Hope you enjoyed Study English, I’ll see you
next time. Bye bye.
دانلود ویدیو مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت ۲۴
لینک دانلود کیفیت 480p: دانلود مستقیم
دانلود زیرنویس
[/ihc-hide-content]