مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت ۸

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Hello. Welcome again to Study English, IELTS
preparation. I’m Margot Politis.

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Today we’ll look at some words that cause
a lot of confusion – the relative pronouns

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‘that’, ‘which’ and ‘who’, and then we’ll
do some pronunciation practice.

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But first, let’s listen to some people talk
about a very dangerous tourist attraction

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from Australia’s Northern Territory.

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People have always been fascinated with death.
Most of the mysteries that you see on television,

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the films that you see, involve murder in
one kind or another. Crocodiles are one of

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the last remaining dinosaurs and the idea
of a crocodile coming out of the water and

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grabbing somebody is absolutely riveting.

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I read about the death of the German tourist
who was taken by a crocodile. It didn’t put

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me off coming to the Northern Territory, quite
the opposite in fact.

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I think the NT is famous for its crocodiles
and probably quite famous for its crocodile

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attacks and that tourists who come here would
like to be, or feel as though they were, involved

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in that danger.

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Tourists want to have a story to take home
and if they can say that they were in the

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Northern Territory where the German tourist
was taken by the croc, then it adds to their

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own adventure.

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So he thinks people may actually be attracted
to the Northern Territory because of the dangerous

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crocodiles.

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But now we’re going to leave the crocodiles,
and talk about something else that can be

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dangerous – the relative pronouns ‘who’, ‘which’
and ‘that’.

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Listen for some relative pronouns here.

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People have always been fascinated with death.
Most of the mysteries that you see on TV,

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the films that you see, involve murder of
one kind or another.

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I read about the death of the German tourist
who was taken by a crocodile.

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Most of the mysteries ‘that’ you see on TV
involve murders.

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I read about the death of the tourist ‘who’
was taken by a crocodile.

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Relative pronouns are used to introduce relative
clauses.

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They give more information about a subject.

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The subject here is ‘mysteries’.

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The ‘that clause’ gives us more information
about the subject – ‘the mysteries that you

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see on TV’.

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‘The tourist’ is the subject. The ‘who clause’
gives more information – ‘the tourist who

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was taken by a crocodile’.

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But how do you choose between ‘who’, ‘which’
or ‘that’?

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Well the relative pronoun ‘who’ is only used
with people.

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‘Which’ is only used with things.

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‘That’ is usually only used with things as
well. Sometimes, in informal language, it

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can refer to people.

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But when you’re learning English, it’s probably
best to avoid using ‘that’ for people.

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The most difficult thing with these relative
pronouns is working out the difference between

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‘which’ and ‘that’.

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As a general rule, we use ‘which’ when the
clause does not affect the meaning of the

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sentence.

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A ‘which’ clause just gives us extra information.

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It can be left out of a sentence, and the
sentence still has the same meaning.

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When ‘which’ is used in this type of clause,
we put commas around it.

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‘The hat, which is on the bed, is new.’

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Here, the clause ‘which is on the bed’, just
gives us additional information.

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We can take it out, and the sentence still
makes sense.

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There is only one hat, it’s the hat on the
bed. We take out the which clause, and the

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important information is still there:

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The hat is new.

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OK, now let’s look at ‘that’.

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We use ‘that’ for clauses that are a crucial
part of the sentence. They are actually part

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of the definition of the subject.

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The hat that is on the bed is new.

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Notice ‘that’ clauses do not use commas, because
they are a crucial part of the sentence.

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There are a number of hats that this sentence
could be referring to. But the sentence is

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specifically talking about the hat on the
bed, so we use ‘that’.

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The ‘that’ clause cannot be taken out of the
sentence.

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The hat is new.

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It doesn’t make sense here, because it doesn’t
tell us which hat is being discussed.

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It will take some practice to get used to
when to use ‘who’, ‘which’ and ‘that’.

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To sum up, we use ‘that’ to define the subject.

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We use ‘which’, in a clause with commas, to
add extra information.

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You will notice ‘which’ often being used in
place of ‘that’, especially in spoken language.

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While not strictly correct, it is very common.

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The word ‘who’ is a bit simpler. It’s only
used when the subject is a person, and can

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be used in both of these types of clauses.

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OK. Now we’re going to do some pronunciation
practice.

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Students learning English often complain that
native speakers speak too fast.

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Well, it’s true. English speakers do run their
words together, so it’s often very difficult

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to hear when one word ends and another begins.

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To make your spoken English sound natural,
it’s important for you to do this too.

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You need to learn to link words ending in
a ‘final consonant’ sound to words with an

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‘initial vowel’ sound.

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Let’s look at some words linked with ‘of’.

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People have always been fascinated with death.
Most of the mysteries that you see on television,

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the films that you see, involve murder in
one kind or another. Crocodiles are one of

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the last remaining dinosaurs, and the idea
of a crocodile coming out of the water and

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grabbing somebody is absolutely riveting.

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I read about the death of the German tourist
who was taken by a crocodile. It didn’t put

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me off coming to the Northern Territory, quite
the opposite.

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He uses the phrases:

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most of

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one of

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out of

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death of

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But in sentences, these phrases will usually
become linked together:

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most of, most of

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one of, one of

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out of, out of

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death of, death of

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Notice that ‘of’ in these phrases is unstressed.

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Practice these ones:

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many of, many of

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most of, most of

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one of, one of

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several of, several of

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Listen to the differences when I read these
sentences in a natural, conversational way.

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One of my best friends lives here.
One of my best friends lives here.

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Many of the trees have died.
Many of the trees have died.

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I enjoy most of her songs.
I enjoy most of her songs.

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People have always been fascinated with death.
Crocodiles are one of the last remaining dinosaurs

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and the idea of a crocodile coming out of
the water and grabbing somebody is absolutely

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riveting.

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He says people have always been fascinated
with death.

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People ‘have always’.

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Notice how in conversation, we link the final
consonant sound ‘v’, with the initial vowel

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sound ‘aw’:

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have always

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crocodiles are, crocodiles are

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is absolutely, is absolutely

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Ok, now let’s try these sentences:

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She is always studying hard.
She is always studying hard.

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They aren’t scared by crocodiles.
They aren’t scared by crocodiles.

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So make sure you practice words in phrases
and sentences. That way you’ll get used to

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linking your words, and your spoken English
will sound more natural.

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And don’t forget to listen to native speakers
as much as you can, and try to copy them,

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even if they do speak fast!

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And that’s all for today. I’ll see you next
time on Study English. Bye bye.