مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت ۱۲

زبان ویدیو: در این ویدیو قسمت دوازدهم از سری اول مجموعه آموزشی Study English برای آمادگی آزمون آیلتس برای شما آماده شده است.

متن کامل این ویدیو را می توانید در زیر مشاهده کنید.

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Hello, I’m Margot Politis. Welcome again to
Study English, IELTS preparation.

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Today, we’re going to look at cycles, at phrasal
verbs, and then we’ll finish with a bit of

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punctuation.

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But now, here’s a man who is a microbiologist
and a mushroom grower.

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He’s talking about mushrooms, and the part
they play in the carbon cycle.

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They occur naturally in the forests as wood
degrading fungi. That’s their job. When trees

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die, they grow on the tree. They break down
the lignin and the cellulose, which is the

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most resistant form of carbon, and they break
it down, produce mushrooms and, in turn, you

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end up with organic matter going back into
the soil, and so the carbon cycle in the forest

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goes on.

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The speaker, Noel Arrold, is talking about
how mushrooms grow naturally.

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They are an important part of the carbon cycle,
but what is a cycle?

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A cycle is a process that is repeated over
and over. It goes around and around.

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But how do we know this from listening to
Noel?

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When trees die, they grow on the tree. They
break down the lignin and the cellulose, which

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is the most resistant form of carbon, and
they break it down, produce mushrooms and,

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in turn, you end up with organic matter going
back into the soil, and so the carbon cycle

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in the forest goes on.

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He says:
and so the carbon cycle in the forest goes

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on.

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By saying the cycle goes on he is telling
us that this process happens again and again.

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At the end of the description, you need to
signal that the process goes back to the beginning

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again.

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We can say:

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The process goes on.

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The process begins again.

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The process repeats itself.

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In a cycle, there is no real end or beginning,
because the process just keeps going.

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When describing a cycle, we need to start
somewhere, then describe, in order, each part

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of the cycle.

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There are many different ways of describing
the stages of a cycle. We can use transitional

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signals like when, once, then, or next. When
speaking, you can also use pauses and intonation

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to describe a cycle. In written language,
this becomes punctuation.

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Listen to Noel Arrold again describing the
different parts of the cycle.

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When trees die, they grow on the tree.

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He says:

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When trees die, they grow on the tree.

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When trees die comma, they grow on the tree.

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The first part of the cycle is that the trees
die.

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The second part is that when the trees die,
fungi grow on the trees.

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That’s the next stage.

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When trees die, they grow on the tree.

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They break down the lignin and the cellulose,
which is the most resistant form of carbon,

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and they break it down, produce mushrooms.

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OK, he says that the fungi break down the
lignin and the cellulose. They break down

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the tree.

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So the third stage is that the fungi break
down the tree.

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Fourth, they produce mushrooms.

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When trees die, they grow on the tree.

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They break down the lignin and the cellulose,
which is the most resistant form of carbon,

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and they break it down, produce mushrooms
and, in turn, you end up with organic matter

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going back into the soil.

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He says in turn organic matter goes back into
the soil.

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In turn signals the next stage of the process.
In turn means next, or because of that.

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That’s the fifth stage. The organic matter
goes back into the soil.

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And then what happens?

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When trees die, they grow on the tree.

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They break down the lignin and the cellulose,
which is the most resistant form of carbon,

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and they break it down, produce mushrooms
and, in turn, you end up with organic matter

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going back into the soil, and so the carbon
cycle in the forest goes on.

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The carbon cycle in the forest goes on.

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The organic matter helps new trees to grow
again, and then those trees die. We’re back

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to the first stage again. This is the carbon
cycle.

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OK, now we’re going to look at some phrasal
verbs.

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Phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by
a preposition. This forms a new verb, one

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sometimes related to the original verb, but
sometimes not.

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Phrasal verbs are idiomatic. There’s no pattern
to the meanings they take, and they often

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have a number of different meanings.

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You often can’t just guess the meanings of
phrasal verbs, you have to learn them.

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Let’s look at the phrasal verbs in this clip.

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They break down the lignin and the cellulose
which is the most resistant form of carbon,

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and they break it down, produce mushrooms
and, in turn you, end up with organic matter

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going back into the soil, and so the carbon
cycle in the forest goes on.

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There were four phrasal verbs.

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They were:

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break down
end up

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and two using go – go back and go on.

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Notice that sometimes the preposition will
give you an indication as to what the phrasal

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verb might mean.

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Let’s look at these four.

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See if you can match the meanings.

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break up
end up

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go on
go back

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and finish
continue

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decompose
return

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Well break up means to decompose, go back
means to return, go on means to continue,

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and end up means to finish.

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But notice that break up can sometimes mean
finish as well – we can break up from school.

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In formal writing, we would be more likely
to use words like continue or return, than

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phrasal verbs, which tend to be less formal.
Phrasal verbs are difficult to learn because

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there are so many of them.

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Look at go. We’ve already seen it with go
back and go on, but there’s many, many more,

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and remember, most of these have more than
one meaning.

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It takes a lot of time to get used to all
the phrasal verbs and what they mean. You

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need to listen carefully to people speaking,
and the way they use phrasal verbs.

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Another important thing to do is to write
them down in groups – and buy a good phrasal

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verb dictionary.

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So pay attention to those phrasal verbs. Learning
them in groups can be fun, and your spoken

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English will sound much more natural.

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Now we’re going to look at some writing tips.

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For variety, it’s important that you use a
lot of different of sentence types, of different

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lengths. The difficult thing is finding the
balance.

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You can join together short sentence using
conjunctions, but what do you do with sentences

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that are too long?

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This sentence has many ideas, all joined together
with ‘and’.

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How many ‘ands’ are there in the sentence?

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They break down the lignin and the cellulose,
which is the most resistant form of carbon,

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and they break it down, produce mushrooms
and, in turn, you end up with organic matter

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going back into the soil, and so the carbon
cycle in the forest goes on.

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There are four ‘ands’. This sentence is too
long, and should be edited. The ideas can

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be broken down into smaller groups and shorter,
clearer sentences.

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There are several ways of doing this. We can
use punctuation, conjunctions and connectors.

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So let’s have a look. Here’s the full sentence.

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We can start by using punctuation.

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Use a comma to separate clauses.

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Use full stops to separate complete ideas
and you can replace some of the ‘ands’ with

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full stops, but remember the new sentence
must now start with a capital letter.

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Now we have a clear paragraph, expressing
a number of ideas with different kinds of

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sentences.

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And the carbon cycle goes on, but we can’t
go on – it’s time to end this episode of Study

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English, but I’ll see you next time. Bye bye.