مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت 15

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Hello. I’m Margot Politis. Welcome to Study
English, IELTS preparation.

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Today on Study English we’re looking at adjectives.
How do you use them, how do you order them,

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and how do you use them to compare and describe
things?

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First, let’s listen to some descriptions about
the world under the sea, in the Gulf of Carpentaria,

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off the north coast of Australia. It’s quite
an amazing place.

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We know more about the surface of the moon
or the surface of Mars, than we do about the

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sea floor. The sea floor remains the last
unexplored frontier. This is because it’s

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covered by this impenetrable ocean layer that
we can’t see through. The only way we can

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see the sea floor is using sonar.

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The largest reef they mapped is about 10 or
so kilometres across. It’s an oval-shaped

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feature, so it covers around 100 square kilometres.
Because of the fact that they are submerged

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in 30m or so of water, the reefs are very
hard to see. No one had realised that the

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Gulf contained reefs just like the Great Barrier
Reef.

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Being able to describe things properly is
an important communication skill.

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You need adjectives for descriptions.

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They usually come before the nouns they are
describing.

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The red car.

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But when you want to accurately describe something,
you often need to use more than one adjective

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in a row.

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What if the car is big, red, and made of plastic?

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We call it the big, red, plastic car.

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Notice that the adjectives are usually separated
by commas.

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But why don’t we call it the red, plastic,
big car?

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How do you know which order to put the adjectives
in?

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Well, for native speakers, it’s just that
it sounds right, but luckily, there are some

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rules.

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It’s called the royal order of adjectives.

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Let’s have a look at it.

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First we have the determiner. That’s articles:
a, an,

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the, numbers,
or the word that describes the amount of something.

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It can also be the owner, the person or thing
who the noun belongs to.

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So determiners can be:
a

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the
many

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some
or a name, like John’s.

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So we have a car, many cars, John’s car.
The second type of adjective is opinion or

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observation. This tells you something about
the quality of the noun:

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useful, cheap,
ugly, beautiful.

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Then we have size, for example:
enormous, tiny, huge

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followed by age.
It could be old, modern,

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7-year-old.
Then shape, perhaps oval, circular or flat.

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A colour, like white, black or blue.
Then we have adjectives that describe origin,

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where the noun is from,
for example Thai, Indonesian, Australian.

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Followed by material, what the thing is made
of, like copper,

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plastic or wooden.
Lastly, is the qualifier. This is something

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that’s an integral part of the noun. Examples
might be a rocking chair,

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a wedding ring, an electric oven.
There are of course a few exceptions to these

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rules, but it’s important that you learn them,
and practice them whenever you can.

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Have a look at these words, and see if you
can turn them into a phrase:

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wooden square
useful box

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Lily’s
Well, box is the noun, but what comes first?

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The determiner. Whose box is it? It’s Lily’s
box.

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So Lily’s comes first.
Then that’s followed by the observation: the

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box is useful.
Then, the shape. It’s square.

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Then, finally the material. It’s a wooden
box.

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So we have Lily’s useful, square, wooden box.
Good. Now let’s listen to some strings of

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adjectives from the clip.
The sea floor remains the last unexplored

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frontier. This is because it’s covered by
this impenetrable ocean layer that we can’t

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see through. The largest reef they mapped
is about 10 or so kilometres across.

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He calls the sea floor, the last unexplored
frontier.

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Let’s look at that phrase.
Frontier is the noun. The others are all describing

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the noun.
First, we have the determiners ‘the’ and ‘last’

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Last expresses a number, so it goes second.
Then unexplored. That’s an observation. It’s

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a quality of the frontier.
OK. Now what about this impenetrable ocean

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layer?
Well, layer is the noun. All the other words

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are adjectives.
This is the determiner.

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Impenetrable is an observation. It describes
a quality of the ocean layer.

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Ocean here is the qualifier. Almost part of
the noun, it’s not just a layer, it’s an ocean

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layer.
OK, now you try one.

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Look at these words. They form a phrase that
he used:

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largest, reef, the.
Well, reef is the noun, so it comes last.

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‘The’ is a determiner, so it comes first.
Largest describes the size, so that comes

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after the.
So we have the largest reef.

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OK. There’s another way adjectives can be
used as well.

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They can stand alone. They describe nouns
by following the verb, to be.

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When used in this way, adjectives are complements.
Listen to one here:

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The Gulf of Carpentaria is very flat and featureless.
The Gulf of Carpentaria is very flat and featureless.

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In a phrase, this would be the very flat,
featureless Gulf of Carpentaria.

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But used as a complement, the phrase becomes
a full sentence.

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The Gulf of Carpentaria is very flat and featureless.
We can take the phrase the big red car and

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turn it into a sentence.
The car is big, red and plastic.

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Notice that the order of adjectives still
stays the same.

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Now, let’s look at how you go about describing
things. It’s often necessary to focus on particular

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features, such as shape, size, dimension,
weight, colour or texture.

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The more you have built up your vocabulary
of adjectives, the better your ability to

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describe things accurately.
So you might write up adjective lists according

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to groups.
To describe shapes we can say:

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circular, triangular, rectangular,
spherical, but we just say square.

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It’s also possible to describe something by
saying it’s like something common.

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So we can say something is egg-shaped, or
kidney-shaped.

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Listen:
The largest reef they mapped is about 10 or

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so kilometres across. It’s an oval-shaped
feature, so it covers around 100 square kilometres.

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When you’re writing, you should always aim
to make your descriptions as accurate as you

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can.
But sometimes you can’t be exact, and you

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need just describe something approximately.
The largest reef they mapped is about 10 or

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so kilometres across. It’s an oval-shaped
feature, so it covers around 100 square kilometres.

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Because of the fact that they are submerged
in 30m or so of water, they reefs are very

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hard to see.
Dr Harris uses the words about, around, or

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so with numbers.
About 10 kilometres or so.

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Around 100 square kilometres.
30 metres or so.

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Notice that the phrase ‘or so’, always comes
after the number, but the others all come

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before.
You might also hear people say around about.

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In formal language, we’d probably say approximately.
These are all signs that the amount is not

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exact.
And now, it’s around about time for me to

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go. I’ll see you next time for more Study
English.

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Bye bye.