مجموعه Study English سری اول – قسمت ۷

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Hello. I’m

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Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English,
IELTS preparation.

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Today we have an environmental theme on Study
English, but it’s an environmental story with

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a difference.

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We find out about a new toilet system that
has been developed to save the local environment

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in a Tasmanian park.

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We’re going to be looking at how to talk about
processes, so listen carefully to David Holman

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talk about his new environmentally friendly
toilet.

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The liquid waste comes from the toilet behind
me. There’s a containment vessel for the solids.

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From the bottom of the solids you drain off
the liquid and it comes down here down this

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pipe.

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OK. The pipe tips into this tipping bucket
arrangement and what this does is it fills

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up to a point, and then it suddenly tips and
that will measure each time it tips. So we

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can calculate the amount of liquid effluent
that’s gone in.

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As that fills up, you can see the towelling
material here will come in contact with the

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effluent, the air is drawn in through these
holes and will actually direct the air in

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onto the surface of the water, through the
wick and out through the top.

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OK, so David was talking about how his toilet,
the Enviro-Loo, works.

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He was describing a process. Today we’re going
to look at the type of language you’ll need

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to describe processes.

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We’ll listen to David again. This time, listen
out for the types of verbs he uses.

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The liquid waste comes from the toilet behind
me. There’s a containment vessel for the solids.

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From the bottom of the solids you drain off
the liquid and it comes down here down this

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pipe.

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OK. The pipe tips into this tipping bucket
arrangement and what this does is it fills

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up to a point, and then it suddenly tips and
that will measure each time it tips. So we

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can calculate the amount of liquid effluent
that’s gone in.

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David uses a variety of verbs and tenses.
But mostly he uses the simple present tense.

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The simple present is often used to describe
processes and procedures.

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Let’s look at some examples.

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The liquid waste comes from the toilet behind
me.

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OK. The pipe tips into this tipping bucket
arrangement, and what this does is it fills

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up to a point and then it suddenly tips.

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There’s also another, more formal way of describing
processes.

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That’s using the passive voice.

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In academic writing, it’s common to use the
passive voice for actions in a process or

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procedure. When you use the passive voice,
your writing becomes impersonal and distant.

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This is more formal, and is often more suitable
in an academic setting.

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Listen for a passive verb here.

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As that fills up, you can see the towelling
material here will come in contact with the

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effluent, the air is drawn in through these
holes.

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He says ‘is drawn in’: the air is drawn in.

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Notice there is no subject, no person or thing
doing the action, it is just done. This is

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called the passive voice.

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This highlights the process or action, rather
than the person or thing doing the action.

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The passive is used when the important thing
is not who did the action, but the action

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itself.

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This is true when you are describing processes.
The process is the same, no matter who is

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doing it, so we choose the passive voice.

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Let’s look at bit more closely at how the
passive is formed.

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Passive verbs are formed by using the verb
to be plus the past participle of the verb.

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Let’s look at the verb to draw in, to bring
something in.

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The past participle is drawn. This is an irregular
past participle.

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So the passive form is to be drawn in.

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The different forms of the passive vary according
to the action, and when the action happened.

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OK. So in formal writing, we use the passive
form for processes. But David doesn’t always

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use the passive, because he’s having a conversation
with someone.

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Let’s look at one of David’s more informal
sentences, and see how we could change it

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into a more formal description.

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There’s a containment vessel for the solids
and from the bottom of the solids, you drain

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off the liquid.

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He says: From the bottom of the solids you
drain off the liquid. Let’s look at the main

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part of that sentence:

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You drain off the liquid.

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The verb is drain off.

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In a passive sentence, we’d say ‘is drained
off’, the past participle with the present

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tense form of to be.

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To form the passive, we also need change the
sentence around.

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Most English sentences use the active form.
That’s subject, verb, object. But in the passive,

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sentences begin with the object of the verb:
object, verb, subject.

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In this sentence, we know that ‘drain off’
is the verb, ‘you’ is the subject and ‘the

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liquid’ is the object.

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So to form a passive sentence, we’ll need
to turn the sentence around into object, verb,

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subject. Notice that we add the word ‘by’.

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The liquid is drained off by you.

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But in a process, we don’t need to include
the agent of the verb, so it usually gets

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left out.

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Our new, more formal sentence reads:

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The liquid is drained off.

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So let’s go back to that full sentence

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From the bottom of the solids, you drain off
the liquid.

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From the bottom of the solids, the liquid
is drained off.

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Here’s another one:

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We can calculate the amount of liquid that’s
gone in.

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We can calculate the amount of liquid.

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The subject is ‘we’. This will be dropped
in our passive sentence.

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The object is ‘the amount of liquid’.

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The verb is ‘can calculate’.

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‘Calculate’ has the past participle ‘calculated’.

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When there are auxiliary verbs like ‘can’,
we use the infinitive form of the verb ‘to

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be’.

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So the full verb phrase ‘can calculate’ becomes
‘can be calculated’.

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Remember that a passive sentence starts with
the ‘object’, then the ‘verb’, so:

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We can calculate the amount of liquid.

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becomes:

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The amount of liquid can be calculated.

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OK, let’s finish today by testing you on the
passive.

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Listen to the steps in a simple process.

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This is how you make a cup of coffee. It’s
in a conversational style.

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You fill the kettle with water.
You turn on the kettle.

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You boil the kettle.
You pour the hot water into a mug.

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You add some sugar.
Then you can drink it.

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OK. Let’s start at the beginning.

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You fill the kettle with water.

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What’s the verb? Fill. The subject? You. The
object? The kettle.

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The passive verb is ‘is filled’.

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The new sentence is:

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The kettle is filled with water.

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See if you can do the next one.

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You turn on the kettle.

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The verb is ‘turn on’.
The subject is ‘you’.

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The object is ‘the kettle’.

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The kettle is turned on.

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You boil the water.
The water is boiled.

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You pour the hot water into a mug.
The hot water is poured into a mug.

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You add some sugar.
Some sugar is added.

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Then you can drink it.
Then it can be drunk.

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But we’d usually say:
Then it’s ready to be drunk.

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So let’s go through that again.

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The kettle is filled with water.
The kettle is turned on.

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The water is boiled.
The hot water is poured into a mug.

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Some sugar is added.
Then it’s ready to be drunk.

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And I think I’ll go and make a cup of coffee
right now.

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Don’t forget to practice these active and
passive sentences.

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And I’ll see you next time for Study English.
Bye.