مجموعه Study English برای آیلتس سری دوم – قسمت 10

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توضیحات ویدیو

در این قسمت در مورد نحوه استفاده از ضمایر انعکاسی و اشاره‌ای در مکالمات انگلیسی را بررسی خواهیم کرد.

In this episode we will look at the how to use reflexive and demonstrative pronouns in written and spoken English.

متن ترانسکریپت ویدیو

Hello. I’m Margot Politis. Welcome to Study
English, IELTS preparation.

Today, we’re going to look at the use of pronouns
in a story about durian orchards.

English uses a range of pronouns for different
functions. For example, there are personal

pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative
pronouns and reflexive pronouns.

Today, we’re going to look at demonstrative
and reflexive pronouns.

But first we’re going to meet Laura Fitzgerald,
a durian researcher. She is describing a durian

leaf. Listen to how she uses the demonstrative
pronouns this and that.

This is the underside of the leaf and we’re
seeing it at a 406 times magnification. These

are the hairs that you see here. This is one
of the reproductive structures of the pathogen

and it’s called a sporangia and what’s happened
is, it’s been in a drop of rain and it’s splashed

on to the underside of the leaf and it’s gotten
caught in the hairs and it’s what we call

germinated and started to grow across the
surface of the leaf.

New research is investigating ways of inoculating,
or vaccinating, durian trees grown in orchards

with the good fungi to help the plant protect
itself from disease.

She says:

This is the underside.

These are the hairs.

Demonstrative pronouns demonstrate both distance
and number – how close something is, and how

many there are.

We can show this on a table.

This is used for singular nouns that are near
to you.

These are used for plural nouns that are near
to you.

Laura is looking at a durian leaf, and referring
to part of it. The leaf is very close to her,

so Laura refers to it using the demonstrative
pronouns for near things: this and these.

This is the underside.

These are the hairs.

Now listen to Dr David Guest discussing the
effect of the typhoon on the durian orchards.

In 1994 in Thailand there was a typhoon around
Chanta Buri, which is the main growing area.

What happened after that typhoon is that some
of the trees were damaged by the strong winds,

but after that typhoon there was an epidemic
of phytophthora, and some orchards were completely

destroyed by that epidemic.

He says:

that typhoon

that epidemic

That is a demonstrative pronoun used with
singular nouns that are far away.

Those is used with plural nouns that are far
away.

The typhoon was distant or far away from the
speaker. It was in Chanta Buri, Thailand.

The typhoon was also distant in time. It was
years ago, in 1994. This is why he refers

to it as ‘that typhoon’.

So demonstrative pronouns apply not only to
spatial relations near and far, but also to

time relations now and then.

In both cases, the pronouns convey distance.

Let’s look at some examples.

I like this new movie better than that old
one.

This movie means a recent movie, a movie close
to ‘now’ in time.

That movie means an older movie, more distant
in time.

These biscuits are nicer than those.

‘These biscuits’ means they are physically
close to the speaker. ‘Those biscuits’ are

further away.

Listen to Dr David Guest again using ‘that’
for a different grammatical purpose.

In 1994 in Thailand there was a typhoon around
Chanta Buri, which is the main growing area.

What happened after that typhoon is that some
of the trees were damaged by the strong winds,

but after that typhoon there was an epidemic
of phytophthora, and some orchards were completely

destroyed by that epidemic.

He says: What happened is that some of the
trees were damaged.

The word that is not used as a pronoun here,
but as a complement, introducing what happened.

We can remove ‘that’ and the sentence means
the same thing.

What happened is some of the trees were damaged.

You will see ‘that’ used as a complement most
commonly when reporting speech, ideas or feelings:

he said that

she argued that

they felt that

That is the complement of the verbs said,
argued and felt.

By now you should be familiar with using demonstrative
pronouns to make reference to time and space.

Let’s look at another group of pronouns – reflexive
pronouns. There is one used twice used in

this clip. See if you can pick it.

Because there’s a growing Asian population
in Australia there’s a growing demand for

durians. So we import durians, mostly from
Thailand and Thailand’s certainly the world

leader in durian production. Throughout Southeast
Asia it’s the most popular tropical fruit

and the industry itself’s worth somewhere
between 2 or 3 billion US dollars a year.

New research is investigating ways of inoculating,
or vaccinating, durian trees grown in orchards

with the good fungi to help the plant protect
itself from disease.

He says: the industry itself

Itself is a reflexive pronoun.

One of the functions of reflexive pronouns
is for emphasis, to mean ‘that person or thing

and nobody or nothing else’.

For example:

The house itself is beautiful but the street
is a bit noisy.

I wasn’t happy with the service, so I went
to confront the manager myself.

In these examples, the reflexive pronouns
itself and myself refer back to the subjects

of the sentences, the noun house and the pronoun
I. They add emphasis to the statements.

Let’s look at the whole group of reflexive
pronouns in this table.

I might want to emphasise myself if I am speaking
in the first person, or ourselves if I am

talking about me and my friends, using the
plural form.

I could speak in the second person about yourself
or yourselves.

Using third person, I can emphasise himself,
herself,

itself or oneself. The plural form is themselves.

All of these words are reflexive pronouns
that can be used for emphasis.

Listen to the clip again.

Because there’s a growing Asian population
in Australia there’s a growing demand for

durians. So we import durians, mostly from
Thailand and Thailand’s certainly the world

leader in durian production. Throughout Southeast
Asia it’s the most popular tropical fruit

and the industry itself’s worth somewhere
between 2 or 3 billion US dollars a year.

New research is investigating ways of inoculating,
or vaccinating, durian trees grown in orchards

with the good fungi to help the plant protect
itself from disease.

The reporter says: to help the plant protect
itself from disease

The reflexive itself refers back to the subject
of this clause. The subject and the object

are the same – the plant.
A common use of reflexive pronouns is to refer

to objects or actions where the subject and
object are the same person or thing.

For example:

I cut myself shaving this morning. Not, I
cut me.

I got out of the bath and dried myself. Not,
dried me.

We made ourselves a cup of coffee. Not, made
us.

Ok, so today we’ve looked at pronouns.
We’ve talked about demonstrative pronouns

– this, these, that, those,

and reflexive pronouns like myself, yourself,
itself

To find more help on pronouns, you can visit
our website anytime. You’ll find today’s story,

transcript, study notes and exercises.

That’s all for today. I’ll see you next time
on Study English. Bye bye.

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